Overview
The attraction of using computer displays for visual psychophysics is that they allow software specification of the stimulus. Programs to run experiments are often written in a low-level language (e.g., C or Pascal) to achieve full control of the hardware for precise stimulus display. Although these low-level languages provide power and flexibility, they are not conducive to rapid program development. Interpreted languages (e.g., BASIC, LISP, Mathematica, and Matlab) abstract hardware details and provide friendlier development environments, but don’t provide the hardware control needed for precise stimulus display. The Psychophysics Toolbox is a software package that adds this capability to the Matlab and Octave application on Macintosh, Linux and Windows computers (we will only mention Matlab for the remainder of this text, but statements mostly apply to Octave as well).
Matlab is a high-level interpreted language with extensive support for numerical calculations. The Psychophysics Toolbox interfaces between Matlab and the computer hardware. The routines at the core of Psychtoolbox provide access to the display frame buffer and color lookup table, allow synchronization with the vertical retrace, support sub-millisecond timing, expose raw OpenGL commands, support video playback and capture as well as low-latency audio or hardware triggers, and facilitate the collection of observer responses through regular and specialized input devices. Ancillary routines support common needs like color space transformations and the QUEST threshold seeking algorithm.
The Matlab & Psychtoolbox environment is flexible yet relatively easy to learn.
Canned experimental programs fail because they usually can’t do a really new
experiment. For that you need the expressive scope of a full-fledged computer
language, such as C or Matlab. Matlab is a particularly good language for
running laboratory experiments. Even for experienced programmers, three features
of Matlab greatly speed the development cycle over other languages. Matlab has a
rich library of high-level functions available to do math and plotting. It
operates on arrays and images as named variables. And it is interactive, so that
one can type 1 + 1 and immediately see the answer 2, which is invaluable
when developing laboratory software to run experiments.
Brand-new users who have never programmed before will find that they’re learning
three things when they start using the toolbox: Matlab itself, how to create
stimuli and measure responses, and how to organize an experiment. There is
almost no overlap between those three topics. The included demos illustrate how
many common tasks may be accomplished (see PsychDemos or type >>
help PsychDemos in Matlab after installation). For learning the language, many
people say they liked the Matlab manual. Others skipped the manual and learned
by trial and error. Everyone uses Matlab’s help feature frequently. It’s one of
Matlab’s better features and we have tried to follow their conventions with the
toolbox routines.
The Psychtoolbox is popular. As of October 2006, Psychtoolbox-2 has been downloaded thirty thousand times: 24,324 Windows and 8,743 Mac OS 9. Psychtoolbox-3 for Mac OSX was downloaded 1,832 times before 22 September 2006.
As of May 2018, Psychtoolbox-3 has been downloaded 285897 times from out website alone, with additional downloads from Linux distributions or from GitHub directly, which we can’t count.
The Psychtoolbox forum has over 1600 members and about 4 messages a day. Principal investigators and their collaborators have identified at least 127 #grant-supported projects that use it. According to Google scholar, over 37947 articles cite it.
Commercial support and services around Psychtoolbox are available on the commercial companion website www.psychtoolbox.net.
The following link is a PDF file with the slides of a presentation held at ECVP 2013 in Bremen by Mario Kleiner. These slides will give you a quick overview about using the new features of Psychtoolbox-3:
Good luck programming.
Mario Kleiner, David Brainard, Denis Pelli, Chris Broussard, Tobias Wolf, Diederick Niehorster